The First Crusade- (1095-1099) begun by Pope Gregory VII, to reform the church, and the urgent need to reinforce the weakened Papacy itself. Through thrust was given the crusade by the prominent sermon of Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont (now Clermont-Ferrand) in 1095. By 1099 it captured the Jerusalem.
The Second Crusade- (1147-1192) was preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux after the collapse (1144) of Edessa to the Turks. It was led by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III, whose soldiers set out first, and by King Louis VII of France. Conrad returned home in 1148 and was followed (1149) by Louis. The Second Crusade thus ended in depressing failure.
The Third Crusade- (1189-1192) followed on the imprison (1187) of Jerusalem by Saladin and the conquer of Guy of Lusignan, Reginald of Châtillon, and Raymond of Tripoli at Hattin. The crusade was preached by Pope Gregory VIII but was directed by its leaders—Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.
The Fourth Crusade- (1202-1204) Pope Innocent III launched the Fourth Crusade which was entirely diverted from its unusual route. The Crusaders led frequently by French and Flemish nobles and spurred on by Fulk of Neuilly, assembled (1202) near Venice. To disburse some of their passage to Palestine they aided Doge Enrico Dandolo and his Venetian forces in improving the Christian city of Zara (Zadar) on the Dalmatian coast from the Hungarians.
The Fifth Crusade- (1217-1221) Soon later Innocent III and his descendant, Honorius III, began to speak the Fifth Crusade, King Andrew II of Hungary, Duke Leopold VI of Austria, John of Brienne, and the papal legate Pelasius were amongst the leaders of the voyage, which was aimed at Egypt, the middle of Muslim power. Damietta (Dumyat) was in use in 1219 but had to be evacuated over after the defeat (1221) of an expedition against Cairo.
Children’s Crusade- (1212) Led by a prophet French peasant boy, Stephen of Cloyes, children embarked at Marseilles, eager that they would succeed in the reason that their elders had betrayed. According to shortly sources, they were sold into slavery by dishonest skippers. Another group, made up of German children, went to Italy; most of them perished of hunger and disease.
Pope Urban II Calls for a Crusade at the Council of Clermont- The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held in November 1095 at Clermont, France and triggered the First Crusade.
European forces first capture Jerusalem
However, it was during the Counter Reformation of the sixteenth century that the segregation of Jews became oppressive. Pope Paul IV issued a bull on July 12, 1555, setting forth requirements for Jews in their district of Rome. Gates of the area were bolted between sunrise and sunset. Jews were required to build the walls and gates of the ghetto and Jewish families lived in crammed, unsanitary conditions that bred disease. Other Italian cities—Florence, Mantua, Padua—followed the Roman example, establishing crowded, unhealthy ghetto areas for their Jewish population.
Final loss of Jerusalem for European forces
The subsequent fall of Jerusalem essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. Much of the population, swollen with refugees fleeing Saladin's conquest of the surrounding territory, was allowed to flee to Tyre, Tripoli, or Egypt (whence they were sent back to Europe), but those who could not pay for their freedom were sold into slavery, and those who could were often robbed by Christians and Muslims alike on their way into exile. The capture of the city shocked Europe, resulting in the Third Crusade, which was launched in 1189, led by Richard Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died along the way).
The Second Crusade- (1147-1192) was preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux after the collapse (1144) of Edessa to the Turks. It was led by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III, whose soldiers set out first, and by King Louis VII of France. Conrad returned home in 1148 and was followed (1149) by Louis. The Second Crusade thus ended in depressing failure.
The Third Crusade- (1189-1192) followed on the imprison (1187) of Jerusalem by Saladin and the conquer of Guy of Lusignan, Reginald of Châtillon, and Raymond of Tripoli at Hattin. The crusade was preached by Pope Gregory VIII but was directed by its leaders—Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.
The Fourth Crusade- (1202-1204) Pope Innocent III launched the Fourth Crusade which was entirely diverted from its unusual route. The Crusaders led frequently by French and Flemish nobles and spurred on by Fulk of Neuilly, assembled (1202) near Venice. To disburse some of their passage to Palestine they aided Doge Enrico Dandolo and his Venetian forces in improving the Christian city of Zara (Zadar) on the Dalmatian coast from the Hungarians.
The Fifth Crusade- (1217-1221) Soon later Innocent III and his descendant, Honorius III, began to speak the Fifth Crusade, King Andrew II of Hungary, Duke Leopold VI of Austria, John of Brienne, and the papal legate Pelasius were amongst the leaders of the voyage, which was aimed at Egypt, the middle of Muslim power. Damietta (Dumyat) was in use in 1219 but had to be evacuated over after the defeat (1221) of an expedition against Cairo.
Children’s Crusade- (1212) Led by a prophet French peasant boy, Stephen of Cloyes, children embarked at Marseilles, eager that they would succeed in the reason that their elders had betrayed. According to shortly sources, they were sold into slavery by dishonest skippers. Another group, made up of German children, went to Italy; most of them perished of hunger and disease.
Pope Urban II Calls for a Crusade at the Council of Clermont- The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held in November 1095 at Clermont, France and triggered the First Crusade.
European forces first capture Jerusalem
However, it was during the Counter Reformation of the sixteenth century that the segregation of Jews became oppressive. Pope Paul IV issued a bull on July 12, 1555, setting forth requirements for Jews in their district of Rome. Gates of the area were bolted between sunrise and sunset. Jews were required to build the walls and gates of the ghetto and Jewish families lived in crammed, unsanitary conditions that bred disease. Other Italian cities—Florence, Mantua, Padua—followed the Roman example, establishing crowded, unhealthy ghetto areas for their Jewish population.
Final loss of Jerusalem for European forces
The subsequent fall of Jerusalem essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. Much of the population, swollen with refugees fleeing Saladin's conquest of the surrounding territory, was allowed to flee to Tyre, Tripoli, or Egypt (whence they were sent back to Europe), but those who could not pay for their freedom were sold into slavery, and those who could were often robbed by Christians and Muslims alike on their way into exile. The capture of the city shocked Europe, resulting in the Third Crusade, which was launched in 1189, led by Richard Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died along the way).
No comments:
Post a Comment